The Positives And Negatives Of War - 923 Words

Dating all the way back from the 18th century leading up to the current 21st century, the United States has been at war with many different rivals. With all of these wars that our country has gone through, there have been many positives and negatives that came with them in the end. The positives range from gaining justice to protecting our country. The negatives range from the number of enemies we’ve made to the number of soldiers and people we’ve lost. Sometimes the positives have outweighed the negatives and sometimes vice-versa. War in any form comes with a price. Should we really keep gambling the chance for risks and the negative outcomes that can come with them from war? No, we should put all of our efforts into stopping the fight against our rivals instead of starting one. Wars can cause more damage and trouble that people fail to realize. From all the wars that our country has been in, there has been a price to pay. Many men and women from past and present have risked their lives to protect and serve their country. With this, millions of men and women have lost their lives for the cost of fighting for their country against a common enemy who also loose the same number of lives for mainly the same reason. If you think about it our â€Å"enemies† that we are fighting and killing are doing the same thing and fighting and killing us, the â€Å"enemies†, so there’s truly no right side because we both think we’re right over the other. Why do we sacrifice so many lives and spend aShow MoreRelatedNazi Germany Positive And Negative Effects On The World War I1731 Words   |  7 PagesLife in Nazi Germany had many positive and negative effects on the people that were living there between 1933-1939. The treaty of Versailles was when Germany was in great despair. The Germans had to pay back repatriations for losing the war, they lost territory, accepted the blame for causing World War I and there was also the near eliminati on of the Germany army. This all lead Germany into suffering badly through the Great Depression. The Nazi party and their leader Adolf Hitler brought the TotalitarianRead MoreEssay on European Economic and Social Outcomes of World War I1107 Words   |  5 Pagesthe consequences. There were few positive aspects of the Paris Peace Conference, while the negative opinions based on the Paris Peace Conference continued to fester for years to come. This is similar to the economic and social outcomes of World War I. There are fewer positive outcomes of economic and social issues than negative due to the burden of reparations imposed by the Treaty of Versailles. There is no doubt that war is directly associated with economy. War costs and outcomes affect economicRead MoreThe War On Negative Liberty By Katherine Mangu Ward Essay1382 Words   |  6 Pagesphilosophy from Yale, Mangu-Ward works as the managing editor for the libertarian magazine Reason. In â€Å"The War on Negative Liberty†, Mangu-Ward calls upon her philosophy and political backgrounds when she references British philosopher Isaiah Berlin who breaks freedom down into two types: negative and positive liberty. â€Å"Negative liberty, or ‘freedom from,’ hinges on the idea of noninterference,† and, â€Å"Positive liberty: the freedom to fulfill your potential,† Mangu-Ward writes (661). Mangu-Ward’s purpose forRead MoreEthnocentrism: Culture and Social Integration Essay example725 Words   |  3 Pagesones own race or ethnic group is the most important and/or are superior to those of other groups. Ethnocentrism can have both a positive and negative effect in one’s personal life. â€Å"On the positive side, it creates in-group loyalties. On the negative side, ethnocentrism can lead to discrimination against people whose ways differ from ours†(Henslin 2006:33). The positive definition defines ethnocentrism as â€Å"the point of view that one’s own way of life is to be preferred to all others† (HerskovitsRead MoreCivil War in Literature and Film1212 Words   |  5 PagesBGS 3996-The American Civil War in Literature and Film Fall 2013 Final Paper December 7, 2013 BGS 3996-The American Civil War Final Paper The American Civil War was a dark time in our nation’s history, but as with most events in history, there are both positive and negative aspects and conclusions to be drawn from this war. How someone views the positives vs. negatives is going to vary based on what side of the war they find themselves agreeing with and supporting. If your family had strongRead MoreThe Time Of World War I1145 Words   |  5 PagesThe Four Minute Men where a public relations group that worked for the government around the time of World War I (WWI). They would manipulate information at of the war and then share that information with the public. One of the 75,000 would share this information during the reel changes at the movie, which was about four minutes, thus the name (Guth Marsh. 2012. pg. 66). Sometimes instead of a person delivering that message they would produce small feature to get the point across, such as Pershing’sRead MoreExcessively Negative Views of America and World War I I in Adams The Best War Ever790 Words   |  4 PagesWorld War Two really was the greatest war ever! Who could forget about the brave soldiers that died ever so gloriously? What about the way that we went from the worst economy in American history back to relative economic normality? And most importantly, how could anyone ever forget about the unity that arose on the home front from this foreign crisis? World War Two did have its glamorous points, but we must never forget about some of the horrors that emerged. The citizens of the United StatesRead MoreWorld War One Is Severely Lacking Essay1022 Words   |  5 Pagesknowledge about World War One. However, my education about World War One is severely lacking. Either the incompetence of my high school education or the incompetence of my memory in retaining the knowledge learned, lead to the reading of this book being very difficult for me. Kennedy assumes that the reader knows what certain terms mean, who specific people are, a nd that they are familiar with the events of the war. He went so quickly through a lot of background about the war in the prologue thatRead MoreWar And Its Effects On Society And Economics1087 Words   |  5 Pages War has been used for many years to solve the world’s problems, back then war had honorable reasons for conflict and if not the nations in war would at least fight honestly. Yes, war had provided jobs and money, but it has also taken many lives. War is one of the most catastrophic events that can wipe out a race off the face of the earth. When you see war on the news all you see is poverty, deaths, and destruction taking place. If you look back at history you’ll notice that war has been around forRead MoreInto Battle by Julian Grenfell and Counter Atak by Siegfried Sassoon543 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Å"Into Battle† shows a positive outlook on going to war and is what the young courageous men who signed up for the army would have felt. Grenfell uses soft kind wars even when describing the most horrific moments of war. On the other hand, â€Å"Counter-Attack† unlike â€Å"Into Battle† is a negative outlook to the war. From the beginning of it there i s no hope, the soldiers appear to be helpless. Sassoon uses very descriptive negative words, he describes with detail the cruel reality of war. The poem â€Å"Into

Is the Notion of an Early Modern Military Revolution...

Is the Notion of an Early Modern Military Revolution Tenable? The notion of an early modern military revolution is one which is a much debated subject among historians. Two historians who are very dominant in this field are Geoffrey Parker and Michael Roberts. Although they both agree that a military revolution occurred, they disagree on the timing of a revolution in war. Roberts argues that a military revolution started in 1560 and by 1660, the modern art of war had come to birth. Parker, on the other hand, sees the military revolution as a firmly sixteenth century phenomenon with antecedents in the fifteenth. Prior to the early modern period, warfare was based around castles and fortified towns and attempts to capture†¦show more content†¦Prior to this era, the maximum size of an army was approximately forty thousand (1555) but this increased immensely. Parker argued that the demands of new siege style warfare required men to provision siege lines while attacking and to garrison towns and citadels while defending rose the number of soldiers required to sustain a war. Gustavus Adolphus used an army of one hundred and seventy five thousand men to obliterate Habsburg influence in the Holy Roman Empire and Spain mobilised three hundred thousand men in the 1630s, which is far greater than the amount of troops used before. Armies were also becoming permanent rather than seasonal as they were prior to the revolution. Mercenary armies, which were widely used in the sixteenth and fifteenth centuries, were on the decline and conscription was on the rise. The Swedes used conscription in the Thirty Years War, which provided cheap and reliable regiments, as they were motivated by religion and national sentiment . This was very effective as conscription soldiers who believed they were fighting for something, be it their country or religion, were less likely to desert than mercenaries, who would desert if they were offered a higher wage. In countries where conscription was not being introduced, great emphasis was be ing placed on recruitment. However, mercenary armies were still widely being used in the seventeenth century. Gustavus Adolphus army was defeated in 1632 by Wallensteins mercenary army.Show MoreRelated Myth of Propaganda in the Balkans and Rwanda Essay6707 Words   |  27 Pagessuch bloodlust? People were shocked, and for generations most of humanity has taken a hard line approach to acts of genocide: â€Å"never again.† But it has happened again. As the world witnessed similar atrocities in the Balkans and Rwanda during the early to mid-1990s, we are again left with a truly flummoxing question: Why? There are no easy answers to questions of genocide. We can only hope to find common threads that might shed glimmers of light on the darkest corners of human activity, to tryRead MoreManagement Challenges for the 21st Century.Pdf60639 Words   |  243 Pagesthey are at odds and incompatible with what is accepted and successful today. We live in a period of PROFOUND TRANSITION—and the changes are more radical perhaps than even those that ushered in the â€Å"Second Industrial v vi Introduction Revolution† of the middle of the 19th century, or the structural changes triggered by the Great Depression and the Second World War. READING this book will upset and disturb a good many people, as WRITING it disturbed me. For in many cases—for example, inRead MoreContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 Pagesin which he can combine conceptual understandings with pragmatic insights. He has been sought out to provide that extra element of conceptual clarity for the most complex of practical accounting endeavours. No doubt such abilities reflect Michael’s early grounding in both the practice of accounting and its economic theorization, the former at Ford and the latter initially at the London School of Economics and thereafter as a lifetime endeavour. But personal though his achievements may be, they areRead MoreNational Security Outline Essay40741 Words   |  163 Pagesextending defensive perimeters through the creation of alliances (U N, NATO, Rio Treaty) -Forces -Before WWII, large standing armies were seen as threats to liberty -With development on nuclear weapons, opinion has changed and vulnerability of our military forces has become a high priority -Today - trying to balance dislike of standing armies and fear of long range nuclear weapons -People -Safety of the people has always been a major concern - Constitution itself written to protect people fromRead MoreMetz Film Language a Semiotics of the Cinema PDF100902 Words   |  316 Pagesthe Image Track Chapter 6. Outline of the Autonomous Segments in Jacques Rozier s film Adieu Philippine, 149 Chapter 7. Syntagmatic Study of Jacques Rozier s Film Adieu Philippine, 177 vii viii CONTENTS IV The Modern Cinema: Some Theoretical Problems Chapter 8. The Modern Cinema and Narrativity, 185 Chapter 9. Mirror Construction in Fellini s 8 1/2, 228 Chapter 10. The Saying and the Said: Toward the Decline of Plausibility in the Cinema? 235 Notes, 253 A Note on the Translation by BertrandRead MoreAn Impact Assessment of Science and Technology Policy on National Development of Nigeria61708 Words   |  247 Pagesthat economic demands for innovation had tremendous influence in the evolution of science and indeed RD. The phases in the development of relations between science and production had been identified as follows (Bernal, 1970): ï‚ · Early part of the industrial revolution when production technologies were often the source of new scientific discoveries. ï‚ · Second phase which started with the development of the electrical and organic chemical industries informed the new relationship between scienceRead MoreStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words   |  1351 Pages11.6 11.7 11.8 11.9 11.10 11.11 11.12 11.13 Learning objectives Introduction The influence of market position on strategy Strategies for market leaders Marketing strategy and military analogies: lessons for market leaders Strategies for market challengers Strategies for market followers Strategies for market nichers Military analogies and competitive strategy: a brief summary The inevitability of strategic wear-out (or the law of marketing gravity and why dead cats only bounce once) The influenceRead MoreMarketing Management130471 Words   |  522 PagesMarketing is not limited to business. 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Constanze Mozart free essay sample

Constance Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, one of the finest composers the world has ever known, had two great loves in his life; the first was music; and the second was Constance Weber, whom he married in Vienna on August 4, 1782. She was 20, he was 26. The time they married, Mozart life had already been a long succession of Journeys in search of a patron who would free him from financial insecurity and allow him to devote all his energy to composing music.His concert tours began In Salisbury, where he was acclaimed as a musical prodigy at the age of five. He and his elder sister, Marl-Anna, performed In the courts and cathedrals of many of Rupees greatest cities: Munich, Suburb, Mains, Frankfurt, Paris, London, and Vienna. In 1 772, Mozart at 16 had already written 25 symphonies and his first string quartets. His travels brought him much honor, but not much money, and he tended to be extravagant with what little he earned. It was in September 1777, while staying in Anaheim with his mother, that Mozart first met Constancys family, the Webber. He fell In love with her eldest sister, Alyssa, a singer of some promise but little experience. Mozart made grand plans to take her to Italy and start her in a career in opera, but his father Leopold, who never trusted the Weber family, persuaded him against it. A year later Loggias feelings for Mozart had cooled, and he wrote to his father on December 29, 1778, l can only weep.I have far too sensitive a heart. Nevertheless, Mozart stayed in close touch with the family, and on December 1 5, 1781, he wrote again to his father revealing his plans to marry: Owing to my disposition, which is more inclined to a peaceful and domesticated existence than to revelry, l, who from my youth up have never been accustomed to look after my belongings, linen clothes and so forth, cannot think of anything more necessary to me than a wife A bachelor In my pollen ;s only half alive. His attention had now turned to Loggias sister, dark-eyed Constance, with her pretty figure and, the kindest heart In the world L love her and she loves me with all her heart. Mozart brought to his marriage an engaging personality, limitless talent, and plenty of optimism, but few prospects. He promised her family that if he did not marry Constance within three years he would pay her 300 gulden every year for the rest of his life. At their wedding in SST. Stephens Cathedral in Vienna, Mozart and Constance wept, as did the congregation, and the priest.It was a marriage of deep affection and understanding, both much needed through their years together. Children, only two of whom survived. Though Mozart probably was, as his great friend, the composer Joseph Haydn, described him, the greatest composer now living in the world, he was struggling financially. His career was at the mercy of musical fashion in inane, and he was often forced to go on tour in order to pay the doctors bills for Constance. Constancys fondness for her husband and unfailing belief in him were put to the test.Two days before the opening night of Mozart new opera, Don Giovanni, in Prague in 1787, Mozart had not yet written the overturn. The most Minored the operas company and producers became, the more carefree Mozart seemed to be. On the last evening, at about midnight, he began to write. Constance helped to keep him awake by telling him stories, and sustained his energy by making IM drink quantities of punch. When he got too tired to work she said he should sleep on he sofa for an hour and she would wake him.But he slept so soundly that she let him sleep until five in the morning. The copyist was due at seven oclock, and Mozart finished the overture Just in time. Printed here is the postscript to a letter that Mozart wrote to Constance at the spa town of Baden, where she was seeking a health cure in 1790. He was writing from Mains while on tour. The words of the letter, full of Joy and affection, seem to dance with life like the notes of his music. In fact, ewe people lived or composed with a greater emotional energy than Mozart.Yet he longed for peace and quiet. Marriagedifficult as it was, with lack of money, Constancys sickness, and his own health problemsconsoled him. Two weeks earlier on the same tour Mozart had written affectionately to Constance from Frankfurt, I fear.. . am in for a restless life Well it is probable that my concert will not be a failure. I wish it were over, if only to be nearer the time when I shall once more embrace my love. Never they were apart, Mozart and Constance exchanged loving letters. He kept a portrait of her in front of him as he wrote, and delighted in the letters she would send to every town where he stayed. But the pressures on him grew. Desperate for money, he undertook engagements in Frankfurt in September 1790, but it was much against his will. Writing to Constance, he explained: Perhaps if you were with me I might possibly take more pleasure in the kindness of those I meet here. But, as it is, everything seems so empty. Mozart health worsened. In 1791 he was working on his opera The Magic Flute Nee a mysterious strangernow widely believed to be Count F. N Wallets- Chutzpahleft an anonymous letter commission him to write the score for a requiem mass. As he worked on the composition he became obsessed with the idea that he Nas writing a mass for his own funeral. Constance tried to calm him and to stop him from working so hard. She even took the unfinished score away from him. As his he died, an hour after midnight on December 5, 1791, he said to sister-in-law, Sophie Never, l already have the taste of death on my tongue, and who can support my dearest Constance if you do not stay?

Tying a Shoelace

Step-by-step Procedure for Tying Shoelaces Introduction Tying shoelaces may seem a very simple task if you have gotten used to it. However, for a person who has never had a chance to partake in this activity, this can be his moment of nightmare. Literally, there are hundreds of methods that we can use to lace up our shoes and each method depends on the knot strength required.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Tying a Shoelace specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The type of shoe, length of the lace, and the type of activity for which the shoe will be used also dictate the type of knot. For sports shoes, the best and easiest method is known as the bowknot. The procedure for tying the bowknot is outlined below. Materials One pair of sports shoes Two shoe laces, one for each shoe. Tying a Shoelace Step 1. Using your left hand, pass the lace through the farthest hole on the left side. The farthest hole on the left i s the one that occurs first to the left from the tip of the shoe. Step 2. Using your right hand, pass the lace through the farthest hole on the right side. Again, the farthest hole to the right is the one that occurs first to the right from the tip of the shoe. Step 3. Using the fingers on your left hand, move the left end of the lace over to the right hole and pass it through the next unoccupied hole. The next unoccupied hole is the one that occurs second from the tip of the shoe on the right side. Step 4. Using the fingers on your right hand, move the lace over to the left hole and pass it through the next unoccupied hole. The next unoccupied hole is the one that occurs second from the tip of the shoe on the left side. Step 5. Hold the left end of the lace with your left finger and thumb and the right end of the lace with the left index finger and thumb.Advertising Looking for assessment on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Step 6. Repeat steps 3 and 4 until all holes in both the left and right side of the shoe are occupied. Step 7. Let go of the lace while still on your left side. Step 8. Now, bring the lace to your right. Ensure that the portion of the lace on the right passes above that on the left. Step 9. Let go of the lace while still on your right side. Step 10. Shift the left end of the lace over to the right, repeat the same procedure for the right end of the lace. Step 11. Hold the left end of the lace with your left fingers, and in a similar way, hold the right end of the lace with your right finger. Step 12. Holding the ends of the lace firmly between the thumb and index finger and pull them upwards, an intersection of the two sides of the lace forms a triangle halfway between the sets of holes: the left and right holes.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Tying a Shoelace specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Step 13. Hold both ends of the lace in your left hand and use the right hand to tighten the portion of the lace between the holes, beginning from the lowest portion. Meanwhile pull the laces held on the left hand upwards. Step 14. Hold the left end of the lace with the left hand and the right end with the right hand, ensuring that they form an intersection or a triangle at the center point between the two sets of holes: left and right. Step 15. While still holding the left end of the lace, drag the right end of the lace and pass it under the triangle, then pull on the two lace sides until the tie is taut. Now release the laces. From this moment, we will refer to the end of the lace on the left side of the shoe as the left lace, and that on the right as the right lace. Step 16. With assistance of the left index finger and thumb, grab the lace that is now on the left side of the shoe and pass it over to the right side but leaving a portion (roughly two thirds) that forms a loop on t he left side. Ensure that the rest of the lace passes over the tie made earlier and rests on the right side of the shoe, then let go of it. Step 17. Now, hold the right side of the lace using your index finger and thumb, pass the lace around the loop formed earlier by the left lace. Make sure that you leave roughly a third of the lace forming a loop at the tie. Step 18. Bring the right lace around the loop formed by the left lace, using both the left and right thumb and index finger, form another loop using the remaining portion of the right lace. At this point, there are three loops, two have been made by the right lace and one by the left lace. Step 19. Now, hold the second loop formed on the right lace using your fight thumb and index finger, meanwhile, hold the loop formed by the left lace so that it does not become undone. Carefully pass the second loop on the right lace under the loop made on the left lace, pass it gently in such a way that the end does not go through the loop , but rests on the left side of the shoe. Ensure that this loop is almost equal in length to that formed on the left lace.Advertising Looking for assessment on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Step 20. Gently, hold the second loop on the right lace with the right index finger and thumb, and the loop formed on the left lace using the let index finger and thumb. A knot should be visible between the two sets of loops. Step 21. While holding the two loops, pull them away from each other so until the knot formed between the two loops rests on the tie made earlier. Pull the loops further to increase the strength of the knot. Step 22. Continue pulling the loops away from each other until the knot is satisfactorily tight. This is the final step in tying a shoelace using a bowknot; a similar procedure is done on the other shoe. Step 23. To undo the knot, simply pull any of the two ends of the lace away from the knot, this will only loosen the knot. After the knot is undone, loosen the tie and separate the two ends of the lace. This assessment on Tying a Shoelace was written and submitted by user Desmond Q. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Colleges With Late Application Deadlines Complete List

Colleges With Late Application Deadlines Complete List SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you’re wondering whether there are any colleges with late application deadlines, you’re in luck! Lots ofcolleges have application deadlines in February or later, and many more keep rolling admissions open until all their spots have been filled. Here, we give you a full list of colleges with late application deadlines. But before diving into this list, let’s consider an important question: what exactly isconsidered a normal deadline? When Are Most College Deadlines? As you’ll see in a moment, there’s a lot of variation when it comes tocollege deadlines. Early deadlines can be in November when you're just a couple of months intosenior year. By contrast, especially late deadlinescango right up until the start of a college semester! The majority of college deadlines will fall in November or January of your senior year. Most regular decision deadlines are in January, typically onJanuary 1 or January 15. You’ll apply right around the new year and usually get your admissions decision in March or April. Many schools also offer an early action and/or early decision deadlinefor students who are ready to apply earlier (and ready to hear back earlier, too). These deadlines tend to be November 1 or November 15,and students usually hear back by mid-December. While these typical deadlines are in November or January, most of the work starts longbefore. To apply, you need to be ready with letters of recommendation, essays, and your SAT/ACT scores, all of which take months to years of preparation. If you’re not ready with all these components, you might look for colleges with later application deadlines.But what are some other reasons you might be looking to apply later than January? Since Dumbledore stopped lending out his time-turner after the whole Prisoner of Azkaban debacle, your best option for buying extra time is with a late application deadline. Who WouldBenefit From Late Application Deadlines? If you’re reading this article, you might have a very specific reason you searched for "colleges with late application deadlines." Maybe you’d like another opportunity to take the SAT, SAT Subject Tests, or ACT to achieve your target scores. Or maybe you’re hoping to bring up your GPA with grades from the first semester of senior year. By applying later, you might be able to include part of senior year on your transcript. Another possible reason could be that you’re looking to add some more options to your college list. Maybe you’ve rethought your choices or received a rejection from an early decision school. By applying to some more schools, you might end up going somewhere you didn’t initially expect to. Regardless of whether you slacked off during the "normal" application season or just want to add another option to your plans, you’ll find that there are manycolleges accepting applications in February and later. Below is a list of schools with deadlines after February 1, followed by colleges that might also be a good option for you because they use rolling admissions. Want to build the best possible college application? We can help. PrepScholar Admissions is the world's best admissions consulting service. We combine world-class admissions counselors with our data-driven, proprietary admissions strategies. We've overseen thousands of students get into their top choice schools, from state colleges to the Ivy League. We know what kinds of students colleges want to admit. We want to get you admitted to your dream schools. Learn more about PrepScholar Admissions to maximize your chance of getting in. List of Colleges With Late Application Deadlines The following colleges offer late application deadlines in February, March, April, May, June, July, August, and even September! This full list of colleges with late application deadlines is organized by month; you can either scroll through it or look for a specific school by using the ctrl + F function on your keyboard. All data comes from the College Board's BigFuture. Note that some of these schools have earlier priority deadlines for things such as scholarships and financial aid. Colleges With February Deadlines College Application Deadline Abilene Christian University 2/15 Allegheny College 2/15 Assumption College 2/15 Baylor University 2/1 Birmingham-Southern College 2/1 Brigham Young University 2/1 Brigham Young University–Hawaii 2/15 Brigham Young University–Idaho 2/1 Bryant University 2/3 Butler University 2/1 Catholic University of America 2/15 Champlain College 2/1 Christopher Newport University 2/1 City University of New York: Baruch College 2/1 College of the Atlantic 2/15 College of Wooster 2/15 Colorado State University 2/1 Creighton University 2/15 DePaul University 2/1 DePauw University 2/1 Dickinson College 2/1 Drew University 2/15 Earlham College 2/15 Ecole Hoteliere de Lausanne 2/1 Emmanuel College (Massachusetts) 2/15 Endicott College 2/15 Gettysburg College 2/1 Gonzaga University 2/1 Grove City College 2/1 Guilford College 2/15 Hillsdale College 2/15 Hobart and William Smith Colleges 2/1 Hope International University 2/1 Howard University 2/15 Iona College 2/15 Ithaca College 2/1 Jewish Theological Seminary of America 2/15 Knox College 2/1 La Sierra University 2/1 Marist College 2/1 Maryland Institute College of Art 2/1 Massachusetts College of Art and Design 2/1 MCPHS University 2/1 Meredith College 2/15 Merrimack College 2/15 Miami University: Oxford 2/1 Morehouse College 2/15 Muhlenberg College 2/15 Nazareth College 2/15 North Carolina State University 2/1 Ohio State University: Columbus Campus 2/1 Old Dominion University 2/1 Pace University 2/15 Pace University: Pleasantville/Briarcliff 2/15 Pennsylvania College of Health Sciences 2/1 Queen's University 2/15 Quinnipiac University 2/1 Radford University 2/1 Randolph College 2/1 Rhode Island School of Design 2/1 Roger Williams University 2/1 Rollins College 2/15 Saint Anselm College 2/1 Saint Michael's College 2/1 Seattle Pacific University 2/1 Sewanee: The University of the South 2/1 Siena College 2/15 Simmons College 2/1 Spelman College 2/1 St. Lawrence University 2/1 St. Mary’s College of California 2/1 Stevens Institute of Technology 2/1 Suffolk University 2/1 SUNY University at Stony Brook 2/1 Susquehanna University 2/15 Texas AM University–Baylor College of Dentistry 2/1 Texas Christian University 2/15 Towson University 2/15 Transylvania University 2/1 Trinity University 2/1 United States Coast Guard Academy 2/1 United States Military Academy 2/28 Unity College 2/15 University of British Columbia 2/2 University of Cincinnati 2/1 University of Kentucky 2/15 University of Mary Washington 2/1 University of Maryland: Baltimore County 2/1 University of Massachusetts Lowell 2/1 University of Michigan 2/1 University of New England 2/15 University of New Hampshire 2/1 University of North Carolina at Asheville 2/15 University of North Carolina at Wilmington 2/1 University of Portland 2/1 University of Puerto Rico: Medical Sciences 2/15 University of Rhode Island 2/1 University of Wisconsin–Madison 2/1 Ursinus College 2/15 Virginia Military Institute 2/1 Wagner College 2/15 Washington College 2/15 Webb Institute 2/15 Wofford College 2/1 Worcester Polytechnic Institute 2/1 Ready for March Madness? This next list features all the colleges with March application deadlines. Colleges With MarchDeadlines College Application Deadline Adrian College 3/15 Appalachian State University 3/15 Arcadia University 3/1 Boston Baptist College 3/15 California State University: Bakersfield 3/1 Charles Drew University of Medicine and Science 3/1 Coe College 3/1 Colorado School of Mines 3/1 Columbia College of Nursing 3/1 East Carolina University 3/15 Elmira College 3/15 Escuela de Artes Plasticas de Puerto Rico 3/26 Flagler College 3/1 Georgia State University 3/1 Great Lakes Christian College 3/1 Gutenberg College 3/1 Hampden-Sydney College 3/1 Hampton University 3/1 Hanover College 3/1 Illinois State University 3/1 John Cabot University 3/1 Juniata College 3/15 Lewis Clark College 3/1 Lycoming College 3/1 Maine Maritime Academy 3/1 Manhattanville College 3/1 Marygrove College 3/15 Monmouth University 3/1 Montclair State University 3/1 Moody Bible Institute 3/1 Moravian College 3/1 Mount St. Mary’s University 3/1 New Jersey Institute of Technology 3/1 Ramapo College of New Jersey 3/1 Randolph-Macon College 3/1 Rhode Island College 3/15 Roanoke College 3/15 Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology 3/1 Rowan University 3/1 SUNY Downstate Medical Center 3/1 SUNY University at Albany 3/1 Temple University 3/1 United States Merchant Marine Academy 3/1 University of Dallas 3/1 University of Dayton 3/1 University of Hawaii at Manoa 3/1 University of Minnesota: Morris 3/15 University of North Carolina at Greensboro 3/1 University of North Carolina School of the Arts 3/15 University of Scranton 3/1 University of South Florida 3/1 University of Toronto 3/1 University of Waterloo 3/28 Vanguard University of Southern California 3/2 Washington Jefferson College 3/1 Wells College 3/1 Western Carolina University 3/1 Westfield State University 3/1 Whitworth University 3/1 Winston-Salem State University 3/15 As you move into the spring of senior year, there are still colleges that will accept your application for the fall semester. Colleges With AprilDeadlines College Application Deadline Bastyr University 4/15 Berea College 4/30 College of Charleston 4/1 East Stroudsburg University of Pennsylvania 4/1 Family of Faith College 4/1 Georgia College and State University 4/1 Gustavus Adolphus College 4/1 Johns Hopkins University: Peabody Conservatory of Music 4/1 Keene State College 4/1 Lakeview College of Nursing 4/1 Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College 4/15 Mannes School of Music: The New School 4/1 Methodist College 4/15 Minneapolis College of Art and Design 4/1 Morgan State University 4/15 Mount Carmel College of Nursing 4/1 New College of Florida 4/15 New Jersey City University 4/1 North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University 4/1 North Park University 4/1 Plymouth State University 4/1 Point Loma Nazarene University 4/1 Resurrection University 4/1 Salem State University 4/15 Simon Fraser University 4/30 Singapore Management University 4/1 Springfield College 4/1 St. Vincent College 4/1 SUNY College at New Paltz 4/1 Universidad Central del Caribe 4/1 University of Houston 4/1 University of Iowa 4/1 University of Kansas 4/1 University of Massachusetts Boston 4/1 University of New Hampshire at Manchester 4/1 University of Oklahoma 4/1 University of South Florida: Saint Petersburg 4/15 University of Utah 4/1 University of the Virgin Islands 4/30 April showers bring May application deadlines. Colleges With May Deadlines College Application Deadline Al Akhawayn University 5/31 American Jewish University 5/31 American University in Cairo 5/15 Aurora University 5/1 Austin College 5/1 Baptist College of Health Sciences 5/1 Bard College at Simon’s Rock 5/1 Bayamon Central University 5/6 Bridgewater College 5/1 California State Polytechnic University: Pomona 5/1 Canisius College 5/1 Capital University 5/1 Carroll College 5/1 City University of New York: John Jay College of Criminal Justice 5/31 Clemson University 5/1 College of Saint Rose 5/1 Delaware Valley University 5/1 Eastern Washington University 5/15 Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University 5/15 Florida Atlantic University 5/1 Florida Gulf Coast University 5/1 Georgia Southern University 5/1 Grand Valley State University 5/1 Holy Trinity Orthodox Seminary 5/1 Huston-Tillotson University 5/1 Indiana University–Purdue University Indianapolis 5/1 Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris 5/2 Inter American University of Puerto Rico: Aguadilla Campus 5/15 Inter American University of Puerto Rico: Bayamon Campus 5/1 Inter American University of Puerto Rico: Fajardo Campus 5/15 Inter American University of Puerto Rico: Metropolitan Campus 5/15 Inter American University of Puerto Rico: Ponce Campus 5/15 Inter American University of Puerto Rico: San German Campus 5/15 Johnson University: Florida 5/1 Kean University 5/31 Kennesaw State University 5/8 Life Pacific College 5/3 Marietta College 5/1 Massachusetts Maritime Academy 5/1 McNally Smith College of Music 5/1 Norfolk State University 5/31 Olivet Nazarene University 5/15 Philander Smith College 5/1 Regent University 5/1 Richard Stockton College of New Jersey 5/1 School of the Art Institute of Chicago 5/1 Southeastern University 5/1 Southern Illinois University Carbondale 5/1 Southern Illinois University Edwardsville 5/1 Southern Utah University 5/1 St. Edward's University 5/1 St. Mary’s University of Minnesota 5/1 Texas State University 5/1 Touro University Worldwide 5/15 Universidad Autonoma de Coahuila 5/8 University College of San Juan 5/1 University of Alberta 5/1 University of Arizona 5/1 University of Central Florida 5/1 University of Nebraska–Lincoln 5/1 University of Nevada: Reno 5/31 University of New Mexico 5/1 University of South Florida: Sarasota-Manatee 5/1 University of St. Thomas 5/1 Virginia State University 5/1 Westminster College (Pennsylvania) 5/1 Wilberforce University 5/1 Winthrop University 5/1 Worcester State University 5/1 Yonsei University 5/15 If you're interested in any of the schools on this next list, you could apply right around the time you graduate from high school. Colleges With June Deadlines College Deadline Art Academy of Cincinnati 6/30 Auburn University 6/1 Augusta University 6/1 Azusa Pacific University 6/1 Central Connecticut State University 6/1 Clark Atlanta University 6/1 Columbia University: School of General Studies 6/1 Columbus State University 6/30 Elizabeth City State University 6/30 Georgia Gwinnett College 6/1 Grace Bible College 6/1 Haskell Indian Nations University 6/1 Hendrix College 6/1 Jacksonville University 6/1 Johnson University 6/1 Keystone College 6/1 Lubbock Christian University 6/1 Medical University of South Carolina 6/30 Mercy College of Health Sciences 6/15 Metropolitan State University 6/15 North Central University 6/1 Oregon State University 6/1 Patrick Henry College 6/15 Prairie View AM University 6/1 Presbyterian College 6/30 Regis College 6/1 Roseman University of Health Sciences 6/1 Shiloh University 6/6 Southwestern Adventist University 6/1 St. Luke’s College 6/30 University of Alaska Anchorage 6/15 University of Houston–Clear Lake 6/1 University of Texas at San Antonio 6/1 University of the District of Columbia 6/14 University of the Sacred Heart 6/30 University of Washington Tacoma 6/1 University of West Florida 6/30 University of West Georgia 6/1 Valdosta State University 6/15 Virginia Union University 6/30 Visible Music College 6/30 Wesleyan College 6/1 William Paterson University of New Jersey 6/1 If you don't mind bringing your work to the beach, you could apply to any of the colleges below that havea July deadline. Colleges With July Deadlines College Deadline Adventist University of Health Sciences 7/1 Alabama Agricultural and Mechanical University 7/15 Alabama State University 7/31 Albany State University 7/1 Allen University 7/31 Anderson University 7/1 Berry College 7/25 Bethany Lutheran College 7/1 Black Hills State University 7/15 Bowling Green State University 7/15 California Institute of Integral Studies 7/22 Calvary Bible College and Theological Seminary 7/15 Central Michigan University 7/1 Cincinnati Christian University 7/1 College for Creative Studies 7/1 College of Idaho 7/15 Conception Seminary College 7/31 Concordia University (Oregon) 7/1 Coppin State University 7/15 Dallas Christian College 7/15 Dalton State College 7/1 Dillard University 7/1 Divine Word College 7/15 Dominican University 7/1 Dordt College 7/31 Duquesne University 7/1 Fayetteville State University 7/1 Fort Valley State University 7/15 Fresno Pacific University 7/31 Georgia Southwestern State University 7/21 Henderson State University 7/15 Heritage Christian University 7/1 High Point University 7/1 Iowa State University 7/1 Lane College 7/1 Lebanese American University 7/31 Louisiana Tech University 7/31 Machzikei Hadath Rabbinical College 7/1 Manhattan Christian College 7/1 Mercer University 7/1 Metropolitan State University of Denver 7/1 Middle Georgia State College 7/16 Millsaps College 7/1 Missouri State University 7/20 Missouri University of Science and Technology 7/1 Montana Bible College 7/15 Mount Angel Seminary 7/1 Mount Vernon Nazarene University 7/15 Northeastern Illinois University 7/1 Northwestern State University 7/6 Nova Southeastern University 7/28 O'More College of Design 7/31 Our Lady of the Lake College 7/1 Paine College 7/1 Piedmont College 7/1 Pontifical Catholic University of Puerto Rico 7/15 Rabbinical Seminary of America 7/1 Saint Bonaventure University 7/1 Saint Martin's University 7/31 Samford University 7/1 Savannah State University 7/15 Shaw University 7/30 Silicon Valley University 7/1 South Carolina State University 7/31 Southeast Missouri State University 7/1 Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College 7/1 Spring Hill College 7/15 St. Charles Borromeo Seminary–Overbrook 7/15 St. Francis University 7/30 St. John Vianney College Seminary 7/15 SUNY College at Purchase 7/15 SUNY Farmingdale State College 7/1 Tarleton State University 7/21 Texas AM University–Corpus Christi 7/1 Texas AM University–Galveston 7/31 Texas Woman's University 7/15 Tuskegee University 7/15 University of Akron 7/1 University of Canterbury 7/1 University of Detroit Mercy 7/1 University of Greenwich 7/31 University of Hawaii at Hilo 7/1 University of Houston-Downtown 7/1 University of Maryland: Eastern Shore 7/15 University of Memphis 7/1 University of Nevada: Las Vegas 7/1 University of New Orleans 7/25 University of North Carolina at Charlotte 7/1 University of North Carolina at Pembroke 7/31 University of North Georgia 7/1 University of South Alabama 7/15 University of Texas at Dallas 7/1 University of Texas at El Paso 7/31 University of Wisconsin–Parkside 7/15 Watkins College of Art, Design Film 7/15 Winona State University 7/12 Xavier University of Louisiana 7/1 These next schools let you godownto the wire with August application deadlines. Colleges With August Deadlines College Deadline Alaska Pacific University 8/15 Alfred University 8/1 Allen College 8/1 American Baptist College 8/1 American University in Dubai 8/10 Angelo State University 8/23 Arizona Christian University 8/15 Arkansas State University 8/17 Auburn University at Montgomery 8/1 Augsburg College 8/1 Austin Peay State University 8/5 Ball State University 8/15 Baptist College of Florida 8/15 Bellarmine University 8/15 Belmont Abbey College 8/1 Belmont University 8/1 Beth Medrash Govoha 8/15 Bethel College (Indiana) 8/15 Bethel College (Kansas) 8/1 Bloomfield College 8/1 Bluefield College 8/31 Bluffton University 8/15 Bob Jones University 8/1 Boise Bible College 8/1 Bradley University 8/15 Brewton-Parker College 8/1 Burlington College 8/1 California State University: East Bay 8/31 California University of Pennsylvania 8/22 Calvin College 8/15 Carson-Newman University 8/1 Centenary College of Louisiana 8/1 Central Baptist College 8/15 Central College 8/15 Central Methodist University 8/1 Chatham University 8/1 Claflin University 8/1 Clarion University of Pennsylvania 8/1 Cleveland State University 8/15 Coastal Carolina University 8/1 Coker College 8/1 College of St. Elizabeth 8/15 Colorado State University: Pueblo 8/1 Columbia College 8/15 Columbia International University 8/1 Columbus College of Art and Design 8/22 Concordia University (Nebraska) 8/1 Concordia University St. Paul 8/1 Concordia University Texas 8/1 Concordia University Wisconsin 8/15 Corban University 8/1 Cornerstone University 8/15 Cornish College of the Arts 8/15 Cox College 8/1 Crossroads College 8/15 Culver-Stockton College 8/1 Dakota Wesleyan University 8/25 DeSales University 8/1 Drury University 8/1 East Texas Baptist University 8/15 Eastern Illinois University 8/15 Eastern Kentucky University 8/1 Ecclesia College 8/22 Edgewood College 8/14 Emmanuel College (Georgia) 8/1 Eureka College 8/1 Fairmont State University 8/15 Faith Baptist Bible College and Theological Seminary 8/1 Ferris State University 8/1 Florida College 8/1 Fontbonne University 8/1 Fort Lewis College 8/1 Francis Marion University 8/15 Georgetown College 8/1 Georgian Court University 8/1 Gordon College 8/1 Goshen College 8/1 Grace College 8/1 Grambling State University 8/15 Grand View University 8/15 Gwynedd Mercy University 8/20 Heidelberg University 8/1 Hellenic College/Holy Cross 8/1 Hilbert College 8/15 Hobe Sound Bible College 8/25 Holy Cross College 8/15 Holy Names University 8/15 Huntington University 8/1 Husson University 8/15 Indiana State University 8/15 Indiana University Kokomo 8/6 Indiana University–Purdue University Fort Wayne 8/1 Institute of American Indian Arts 8/4 Jackson State University 8/1 Kansas City Art Institute 8/1 Kent State University 8/1 Koc University 8/1 Laguna College of Art and Design 8/1 Lake Erie College 8/1 Lamar University 8/1 Langston University 8/17 Laurel University 8/8 Limestone College 8/26 Louisiana College 8/15 Marian University 8/1 Martin Methodist College 8/1 Maryville University of Saint Louis 8/15 McMurry University 8/15 Mercy College of Ohio 8/1 MidAmerica Nazarene University 8/1 Midwestern State University 8/7 Milligan College 8/1 Milwaukee Institute of Art Design 8/1 Minnesota State University Moorhead 8/1 Mississippi Valley State University 8/17 Mount Marty College 8/30 Mount Mercy University 8/15 Mount Saint Mary College 8/15 Mount Saint Mary's University 8/1 Mount St. Joseph University 8/1 Murray State University 8/15 Muskingum University 8/1 Nebraska Christian College 8/1 Nevada State College 8/1 New Hope Christian College 8/1 New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology 8/1 New Saint Andrews College 8/1 Niagara University 8/1 North Carolina Central University 8/1 North Dakota State University 8/1 North Greenville University 8/26 Northern Illinois University 8/1 Northern Kentucky University 8/20 Northwest Nazarene University 8/15 Northwest University 8/1 Northwestern Polytechnic University 8/29 Northwood University: Texas 8/1 Ohio Northern University 8/15 Oklahoma Baptist University 8/1 Oklahoma City University 8/15 Pacific University 8/15 Park University 8/1 Pillar College 8/30 Point University 8/3 Prescott College 8/15 Purdue University Calumet 8/1 Queens University of Charlotte 8/1 Rabbinical College of Telshe 8/15 Regis University 8/1 Roberts Wesleyan College 8/15 Sacred Heart Major Seminary 8/15 Saint Cloud State University 8/1 Saint Peter's University 8/27 Sam Houston State University 8/1 Schreiner University 8/1 Seton Hill University 8/15 Siena Heights University 8/1 Southeastern Louisiana University 8/1 Southern Arkansas University 8/30 Southern Nazarene University 8/1 Southern Wesleyan University 8/1 Southwestern College 8/25 Spring Arbor University 8/1 St. Joseph's College New York: Suffolk Campus 8/15 St. Joseph's College, New York 8/15 St. Louis Christian College 8/7 Summit University 8/15 SUNY College of Agriculture and Technology at Morrisville 8/22 SUNY Polytechnic Institute 8/1 Tennessee State University 8/1 Tennessee Technological University 8/1 Tennessee Wesleyan College 8/15 Texas AM International University 8/1 Texas AM University–Commerce 8/15 Texas AM University–Kingsville 8/14 Texas Lutheran University 8/1 Texas Southern University 8/15 Texas Tech University 8/1 Thomas More College 8/1 Toccoa Falls College 8/1 Trevecca Nazarene University 8/1 Trine University 8/1 Trinity College of Florida 8/2 Truett-McConnell College 8/1 Union College (Kentucky) 8/15 Union College (Nebraska) 8/1 Union University 8/1 Universidad Metropolitana 8/15 Universidad Pentecostal Mizpa 8/24 University of Alabama in Huntsville 8/20 University of Alaska Southeast 8/1 University of Arkansas 8/1 University of Colorado Denver 8/19 University of Hawaii: West Oahu 8/1 University of Houston–Victoria 8/25 University of Idaho 8/1 University of Louisville 8/24 University of Maine at Machias 8/15 University of Michigan: Flint 8/20 University of Minnesota: Duluth 8/1 University of Missouri: St. Louis 8/24 University of Mobile 8/1 University of Montevallo 8/20 University of Nebraska–Omaha 8/1 University of North Texas 8/1 University of Northern Colorado 8/1 University of Northern Iowa 8/15 University of Northwestern–St. Paul 8/1 University of South Carolina: Aiken 8/1 University of South Carolina: Beaufort 8/1 University of Southern Indiana 8/15 University of St. Francis 8/1 University of Tennessee: Chattanooga 8/1 University of Tennessee: Martin 8/1 University of Texas at Brownsville 8/1 University of Texas at Tyler 8/20 University of Texas–Pan American 8/ University of the Cumberlands 8/15 University of Valley Forge 8/1 University of Virginia's College at Wise 8/15 University of Wisconsin–Superior 8/1 University of Wisconsin–Whitewater 8/1 University of Wyoming 8/10 Viterbo University 8/15 Walsh University 8/15 Washington Adventist University 8/1 Wayne State University 8/26 Webber International University 8/1 Webster University 8/1 Webster University: The Netherlands 8/1 West Virginia State University 8/10 West Virginia University 8/1 Western Kentucky University 8/1 Westminster College (Utah) 8/15 Westmont College 8/15 William Jessup University 8/26 William Jewell College 8/15 Wilmington College 8/1 York College 8/31 Youngstown State University 8/1 This final group of schools lets you enroll in September, right before you start taking classes. Colleges With September Deadlines Colleges Deadline Eastern Oregon University 9/1 Life University 9/1 If you’re looking to send off a later application, these colleges with late deadlines aren’t the only ones available. Schools with rolling admissions might also still have space for prospective students! Fun with rolling (admissions)! Colleges With Rolling Admissions Unlike the colleges listed above, schools with rolling admissions do not have a set application deadline. Instead, they open a window of time during which they'll accept applications, often from the fall to the spring. Although this policy gives you more flexibility, it’s definitely not a pass to procrastinate. Spaces at rolling admissions schools can fill up, and commonlyadmissions committees give the strongest considerationto students who file their applications early or submit by a priority deadline. A good rule of thumb to use when applying is, "The earlier, the better." Below are some popular schools that use rolling admissions, but they aren’t the only ones! If you’re interested in the full list of rolling admissions colleges, you can find it here. Arizona State Indiana University Bloomington Michigan State Pace Penn State Quinnipiac Texas AM University of Alabama University of Maine University of Minnesota University of New Haven University of Pittsburgh University of Tulsa So there you have it- the full list of schoolswith late application deadlines and a few popular ones with rolling admissions policies.Even if you missed some earlier deadlines, you still have a number of options for a fall college enrollment. Final Thoughts: Colleges With Late Application Deadlines Whether you are just starting your college planning or are a senior looking to shoot off some last-minute applications, make sure you know all of the college'sdeadlines and requirements. Even though these colleges have deadlines that are later than average, you still need to plan and prep your application months before, whether you’re asking for a letter of rec, studying for the SAT, or drafting and revising your personal essay. Furthermore, colleges with rolling admissions might have a priority deadline as early as November. If you’re really serious about a particular school, try toapply as early as possible. An added motivation is the knowledge that, in many cases, the sooner you apply, the sooner you’ll get an admissions decision! If any of the schools above interest you, you might be able to spread out your work and remove some of the pressure from the typical college application season in November and December. At the same time, don’t put off your applications for too long- deadlines have a habit of sneaking up on you before you know it! What’s Next? At this point, you have a good sense of application deadlines, whether they're early, regular, or later than average. Now it's time to think about when to plan and prepare all the major pieces of your college application. Our guide will help you schedule your time by detailing your complete college application timeline, from start to finish. For more information on all the steps it takes to apply to college, from choosing your high school classes to hitting "submit," check out this comprehensive guide.You'll learn not just what to prepare but also why each part is significant in the eyes of admissions officers. Are you dragging your feet about your application because you're not sure what to do next year? Perhaps taking a gap year to volunteer, work, or figure out your future educational plans is the best option for you! If you're interested, readour guide to taking a gap year! Want to improve your SAT score by 160points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Best Love Quotes and Inspirational Quotations

Best Love Quotes and Inspirational Quotations Sometimes even the best minds fail to come up with words that rise up to the occasion and fulfill the need of the hour. This is especially true for matters that are close to the heart. At such times quotations often come to the rescue and act as pleasant fillers. The Best Quotes About Love The following are probably the best love quotes that could save you if you are ever faced with a loss for words. Douglas YatesPeople who are sensible about love are incapable of it. Mother TeresaThe greatest science in the world; in heaven and on earth; is love. James BaldwinLove takes off masks that we fear we cannot live without and know we cannot live within. H. Jackson BrowneLove is when the other persons happiness is more important than your own. Vi PutnamThe entire sum of existence is the magic of being needed by just one person. Samuel ButlerTo live is like to love - all reason is against it, and all healthy instinct for it. Felix AdlerLove is the expansion of two natures in such fashion that each include the other, each is enriched by the other. Saint Bernard of ClairvauxWe find rest in those we love, and we provide a resting place in ourselves for those who love us. Sam KeenYou come to love not by finding the perfect person, but by seeing an imperfect person perfectly. Rainer Maria RilkeFor one human being to love another that is perhaps the most difficult of our tasks; the ultimate, the last test and proof; the work for which all other work is but preparation. Khalil GibranAnd think not you can guide the course of love. For love, if it finds you worthy, shall guide your course. George Van ValkenburgA day without love is a day without life. The Butchers WifeYoull always know when the right person walks into your life. Michael LeunigLove one another and you will be happy. Its as simple and as difficult as that.

Ethics On Pharmaceutical Marketing A Review Of Literature Dissertation

Ethics On Pharmaceutical Marketing A Review Of Literature - Dissertation Example Pharmaceutical marketing has been defined as any activity in the pharmaceutical industry that includes advertising, detailing, freebies and sponsoring of conferences and symposia by a drug company that is intended to promote the sales of is products. (medical dictionary). Pharmaceutical marketing is governed by ethics code that sets â€Å"standard for the ethical marketing and promotion of prescription products directed to the healthcare professions†. (Kintanar and Teehankee) Ethos of pharmaceutical marketing should subscribe to the independence of healthcare professionals that means they should exercise impartiality in medical judgment. This means absence of conflict of interest, whether potential, actual or apparent. Marketing practices. Cousin’s study that used interviews highlighted three marketing practices that are influential on the prescribing behavior of physicians. First, physicians were found to be influenced by marketing representatives through their direct marketing and detailing. By example, physicians are influenced by sales representatives who visit them to promote their product. Second, is by the sponsorship or training as a form of continued medical events as earlier discussed. Third, is the effect of the direct-to –customer advertising having on patients.... Accordingly, 28% of marketers used distribution of samples, 36% practices detailing, direct to customer approach (DTCA) 7%, holding of meetings, 3%, journals, unmonitored 25%, and e-commerce 0%. Chart 1. Segmentation of marketing practices Hashley detailed in his study that samples constitute a large expense in pharmaceutical marketing. Samples go hand in hand with detailing as these are used by the sales force when they visit their clients. Chart 1 shows the segmentation of marketing practices in the industry and its corresponding activities as prepared by Hashley. These practices continue to be the norms in pharmaceutical groups and are called traditional marketing. Braun Group stated that the traditional strategies in promoting products are giving drugs as free samples to doctors, providing details of their products through journal articles or opinion leaders. It is also customary upon pharmaceutical companies to give gifts with company logo or details of its products. Pharmaceuti cal companies also spend on continued medical education by sponsoring seminars. Braun in his assessment saw the need for new pharmaceutical strategies because of change of lifestyle and consumer behavior such as use of internet and digital media Holding of meetings Holding meetings, or in pharmaceutical parlance, the â€Å"continuing medical education† has been discussed in the study of Cousins (2003) wherein he described the forum as unethical procedure. Cousins argued that CME is one of the contested marketing strategies because when the pharmaceutical company sponsors an event, it serves like a commercial endorsement of their products rather than support to medical education. In this, he commented that what is supposed to be an educational forum becomes a pharmaceutical

Consumer behaviour in tourism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Consumer behaviour in tourism - Essay Example The tourism industry mediated by tour operators traditionally came in vogue as a pillaring economic institution during mid nineteenth century with the inception of Thomas Cook, set up by a British entrepreneur. However, the industry underwent a rapid development with the progress of the travel industry spurred by the expansion of airlines between 1950s and 1960s. But it attained popularity only in developed markets of Europe given the heavy expenditure associated with foreign and even domestic tours. Eventually, the travel industry realised the opportunity cost of flying expensive crafts and hence decided to invest in inexpensive ones which were linked with reasonably priced tickets and hence were affordable (Middleton & Hawkins, 1998, p. 184). According to Rostow’s model of economic growth and development, evolution of the traditional tourism industry could be categorised under four phases, namely, the stage of take-off, maturity and finally that of mass consumption (Cavlek, 2005, p. 177). Development of the tourism sector primarily had been initiated by war stricken nations to recuperate their respective economies out of the impending financial crunch during the post World War II era. Such a development could actually assist in foreign exchange income which could help in propping up the dwindling treasury position of the recipient nation. The World Trade Organisation recognises the importance of tourism for the developing economies in order to abolish wide spread poverty.

African American and American Society Essay Example for Free

African American and American Society Essay African Americans No matter where or when a person lives, skin color, beliefs, class, or history he/she will see a difference in the way every ethnic group is treated. This world has never been fair for anyone. Life can treat a person with the greatest of care or it will treat a person as if he/she is lower than dirt. African Americans are no different. They have faced great hardships and triumphs throughout the years. Since they had been forced from their homeland they have been treated as if they had no rights or thoughts of their own. They were placed in the status of slaves even though they were human beings too. No matter if they were placed in the minority group by the dominate majority group of white Americans they remind structurally pluralism by keeping to their beliefs and traditions. Before and after slavery African Americans did not receive equal treatment. â€Å"Even when slavery ended, Jim Crow laws went into effect meaning that the very best of everything was reserved for white’s only-school, jobs, neighborhoods, hospitals, etc. † (Moore, 2008). In other words, the African Americans took the subordinate status to the dominant white Americans. Their race was used to dictate what rights they would be allowed to have in America. At one point, they did not have the right to be free and over the years they were given that right back. Even though they regained their right to be free, they still were not very free. They were only allowed to eat in certain places, drink from certain fountains, and ride in the back of the bus. This is not what would be called very free. They were not even given the opportunities to receive a quality education or to vote. â€Å"With the 1896 Supreme Court decision in the case of Plessy v. Ferguson, the separate by equal doctrine was upheld, and the system of segregation in the South was securely in place† (Merger, 2012, pg. 169). When it came to getting a quality education, they were placed at the bottom of the totem pole. The whites receive the best opportunities for receiving a quality education while the African Americans were not. It was not until the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka case that African Americans were allowed a better education. â€Å"Separate schools were inherently unequal and imposed an inferior status on black children, causing irreparable psychological change† (Merger, 2012, pg. 173). The rights as citizens were also being denied by not allowing them to vote and make a proper living to take care of theirfamilies. Years ago, African Americans were not allowed to vote, so they had no say in the laws that were made that would deny them their rights as American citizens or human beings. This kept them from changing the laws that kept them from achieving economically and politically. The Civil Right Movement began a new era for African American. It was their gain of the right to vote and be elected to office that gave the some power over their rights as human beings and citizen in the economic and political environment. Even after everything that the African Americans have gone through, they still face prejudice and discrimination in all areas of their lives. It is no wonder that for some it feels as if it is never over. No matter what a person looks like, how he/she talks, their beliefs, where he/she lives, how much money he/she has, or what race he/she may come from we all bleed red and where cut from the same cloth. We all deserve to have the opportunities and resources that are out there to help better ourselves. African Americans are human beings too and they have the same rights as everyone else.

Prejudice and Racism - A Fair and Just Society is Still Only a Dream Es

This Critical Essay Builds Upon the Concepts of Rawls and King to Examine the Potential for Justice in America   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Martin Luther King Jr. made many claims about the American society in his famous "I Have a Dream" speech in 1963 that were all legitimate. Today, we have made many advances toward the racial equality that he sought. As a nation, however, we still have not "opened the door of opportunity to all God's children", as King so eloquently put it. In part, this is due to the fact that although our society has reached a degree of political nondiscrimination, this political nondiscrimination has not led to economic nondiscrimination. What it has led to, though, is affirmative action policy and awareness among the people of this country that justice is a complicated process that has yet to be realized. King made us aware that Blacks weren't receiving equal treatment under our laws, and this awareness led to equal rights policy. These equal rights policies have, in turn, led to affirmative action policies. Affirmative action policies of equal opportunity were necessary becau se political equality was not resulting in economic equality. Today's citizens are still not satisfied, however. This is because affirmative action policy, to date, has been based on egalitarian policy, which has not resulted in economic security nor a sense of balanced justice. In this paper, I will show how Martin Luther King Jr. initiated a growth process in our country by creating an awareness, and that this awareness is gradually evolving toward a justice that we have yet to realize. I will show that Americans are still in the midst of growing pains, and that equality, opportunity, and justice are complex issues that we are slowly working out over ti... ...s distributive justice. We are a developing nation when it comes to our philosophies, but I am optimistic that with additional ethical participation by citizens in the area of public policy, Americas (like King and Rawls) can still dream of achieving a fair and just society.    Works Cited Flew, Anthony, ed. Dictionary of Philosophy (New York: St. Martins Press, 1979) 299. Lamb, Kevin. "The Problem of Equality". The Journal of Social, Political, and Economic Studies. v20, #4 (Winter 1995) 467-479. Robinson, Dave and Chris Garratt. Introducing Ethics (New York: Totem Books, 1997) 131. Rusher, William. Editorial. The Waterloo-Cedar Falls Courier. November 25, 1997. Steinberg, Stephen. "The Affirmative Action Debate." UNESCO Courier (March 1996) p17 (5). Walters, Ronald. "Criticality of Racism." The Black Scholar v26 (1996):2-7.

What Important Lessons in Life Are Learned Away from School?

Education plays a pivotal role in the life of any person. Some think that learning is done primarily in school. It is true that educational institutions have been so entwined with the process of learning where students learn languages and a variety of other subjects to learn how to communicate and analyze. However, important lessons outside school are also important to develop skills in us to prepare us for the future. One of the most important lessons that school cannot teach is morality. School cannot and will not be the yardstick of right and wrong.To be a person of integrity, one could probably attend a religious institution and learn the principles of upright living. To be morally upright would definitely help one to be a better person and grant him the inner peace that he needs for daily living. Living by the religious principles such as the Proverbs in the bible would also be able to guard him from committing follies that can be avoided. Another important lesson that one can l earn outside school is the skills of financial planning. Although school teaches the calculation of figures, it does not teach us how these figures would affect us financially in our lives.By learning to budget wisely, one would not end up in unnecessary debts. It is not uncommon to find young adults under a huge credit-card debt. To avoid such dire situations, one needs to learn the discipline to save, invest and spend wisely so that there will be wealth accumulation and funds set aside for a rainy day. Beside financial planning, we must learn lessons of hardship and perseverance. Without such values, one would be easily set back by failures. Hence, taking vacational jobs to earn some pocket money is an excellent opportunity to learn how to withstand hardship.For example, I was employed as a waiter in a five-star hotel. Having to stand daily for hours has taught me to take hardship in good stride. Such lesson would not have been made possible in school where children learn academic success above anything else. Finally, the school usually does not teach us the skills of widening and deepening friendship. Learning the right communication skills and the social boundary that we should keep between friends will enable us to understand and appreciate our friends better.A widening social circle and an inner sphere of intimate friends are important to help one succeed in life. A friend can be there to give advice, provide business opportunities and even provide a listening skill. Unfortunately, the school does not provide such skills and this could only be learnt from home and interaction with the outside world. In conclusion, it is a fallacy to think that everything can be learnt in school. One should always display a willingness to learn and relearn out of school context to be able to strive and thrive in this changing world.

Government to Limit Use of Cars Essay

Government agencies have been told to stop using official vehicles one day a week based on their license plate numbers, according to a notification for an energy-saving and emission reduction program to be implemented across the country.†¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨The program, part of government efforts to protect the environment and promote sustainable development during the 12th Five-Year Plan (2011-15), was published on the central government’s official website Tuesday.†¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨According to the program, the measures were specially designed for various fields, such as enterprises and schools.†¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨Some Web users applauded the government’s efforts, while others questioned the feasibility of limiting the use of government vehicles. Lian Peng, a freelance writer, wrote on his Sina Weibo microblog that it was difficult to distinguish private cars from official ones, and the ban would result either in drivers using two license plates, or the government buying more vehicles. †¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨A pilot project for government agencies to use bicycles will be launched. Government workers’ autos were also encouraged to be parked one day a week based on plate numbers.†¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨Niu Fengrui, director of the Institute for Urban and Environmental Studies at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, praised the positive efforts made by the government to reduce emissions. However, such efforts would not have apparent effect, Niu told the Global Times Tuesday.†¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨Niu suggested that the root of the problem was energy supply, and the fundamental approach should be to develop technologies and adopt better equipment to improve efficiency, as well as change lifestyles and production methods.†¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨Zhu Lijia, director of the public research department of the Chinese Academy of Governance, told the Global Times such measures will not actually promote the reform of the official vehicle system, and would not impact the core of the system. Military told to cut emissions The government’s efforts to save energy and reduce harmful emissions have spread to a new front: the country’s military.   The People’s Liberation Army (PLA) and armed police should work to build energy-efficient barracks and develop energy-saving models for logistics, consumption and training, said a nationwide emission-reduction plan. â€Å"Efforts to save resources in the military are an important part of the country’s energy-saving and emission-reduction efforts,† the plan said. It lays out that the PLA will scale down administrative expenses, make greater efforts to conserve fuel, procure environmentally friendly products and recycle military uniforms. PLA garrisons will coordinate their use of civilian vehicles with local governments to enhance transportation efficiency. Xinhua Introduction It is possible that no invention has had as profound an effect on society as the passenger automobile. It did not take long after its introduction in the early part of this century for the auto to quickly become the primary means of transportation in the United States, where there are now 752 motor vehicles for every 1,000 people (World Almanac 211). While no other country can match the excessive automobile use of the U.S, it’s not for lack of trying. Even in China, where the use of bicycles by its citizens is legendary, the number of cars has been doubling every five years for the past 30 years (World Resources Institute, hereafter â€Å"WRI† 172). But reliance on cars is not without its problems&emdash;the most obvious being air pollution and energy consumption. Pollution: General Pollution by cars causes lung cancer, respiratory problems, urban smog, and acid rain (Brown 25). By 1970, after decades without government regulation, air quality had become a serious problem. The first federal Clean Air Act was passed during the Nixon Administration to curtail the ever-increasing amount of pollution caused by automobiles and industry, and Congress passed an updated version in 1990 (WRI 182). However, the Clean Air Act didn’t prohibit pollution; it simply defined an â€Å"acceptable† amount. Further, the legislation addressed only certain airborne contaminants, while ignoring others. Perhaps most significantly, although bad air was outlawed, it still exists. More than half of the people in the U.S. live in areas that failed to meet federal air quality standards at least several days a year (30 Simple Energy Things You Can Do to Save the Earth, hereafter â€Å"30 Simple Things,† 11), and around 80 million Americans live in areas that continually fail to meet these standards (WRI 63). Despite the Clean Air Acts, the reality is that air pollution continues to be a major public health problem. As bad as the air is in the U.S., in other countries which have waited too long to address the pollution caused by cars, it’s worse. Mexico City, Sà £o Paulo, New Delhi, and Bangkok are grappling with serious air problems. And much of that pollution is caused by private automobiles (Brown 25). Pollution: Ground-Level Ozone One way cars create pollution is by contributing to the amount of ground-level ozone (not to be confused with the atmospheric ozone layer). In the atmosphere, the ozone layer shields the planet from harmful ultraviolet radiation rays. But on the ground, ozone is another matter, causing hazy smog and respiratory problems. Most ozone pollution is caused by motor vehicles, which account for 72% of nitrogen oxides and 52% of reactive hydrocarbons (principal components of smog) (30 Simple Things 11). The seriousness of ground-level ozone should not be underestimated. According to the World Resources Institute: Ozone pollution has become widespread in cities in Europe, North America, and Japan as auto and industrial emissions have increased. †¦ Breathing ozone concentrations of 0.012 ppm&emdash;levels typical in many cities&emdash;can irritate the respiratory tract and impair lung function, causing coughing, shortness of breath, and chest pain †¦ Evidence also suggests ozone expo sure lowers the body’s defenses, increasing susceptibility to respiratory infections (65). Pollution: Lead Cars also pollute by emitting lead from leaded gasoline. Although the use of lead in gasoline is banned in the United States, leaded gasoline is common in other countries. In fact, of the countries for which data is available, 43% use nothing but leaded gasoline. Many of the rest use at least some leaded gasoline in their energy mix. This is a definite cause for concern: One of the oldest metals used by humans, lead is a cumulative neurotoxin that impairs brain development among children and has been connected to elevated blood pressure and resulting hypertension, heart attacks, and premature death in adults. Emissions from vehicles is the largest source of lead exposure in many urban areas (WRI 266-267). The effects of all this pollution on human health are unsettling. A study of U.S. cities found that mortality rates were 17-26% higher in cities with the dirtiest air compared to those with the cleanest air. Not surprisingly, the study also found correlations between bad air and lung cancer and cardiopulmonary disease. The risks translate roughly to a two-year shorter life span for residents of dirty-air cities. On a global basis, estimates of mortality due to outdoor air pollution range from about 0.4-1.1% of total annual deaths (WRI 63-64). In the U.S., 30,000 people die every year from automobile emissions (â€Å"Bicycling and Our Environment† 1). [Also see our separate page on lead.] Pollution: Global Warming Perhaps even scarier than the direct damage to our bodies from auto pollution is the fact that car emissions are contributing to an overall warming of the entire planet, which could destroy the world’s food chain. Cars emit carbon dioxide (CO2), a heat-trapping gas. In fact, they emit a lot of it: 20 pounds per gallon of gas burned (NRDC 12, Zuckermann 29). Atmospheric concentrations of CO2 have increased by 30% since preindustrial times, and much of that increase is directly related to the burning of fossil fuels. According to the Worldwatch Institute: â€Å"CO2 levels are now at their highest point in 160,000 years, and global temperatures at their highest since the Middle Ages† (Brown 26). The effects of this global warming are frightening: rising sea levels, dying coral reefs, spreading of infectious diseases, and extreme weather conditions, including droughts, rare forest fires, historic floods, and severe storms. Even more frightening, these events are not just pr edictions&emdash;they’re happening right now (Brown 26). Energy Use The amount of energy used by automobiles is staggering. Transportation of all types accounts for more than 25% of the world’s commercial energy use, and motor vehicles account for nearly 80% of that (WRI 171). In numerical terms, the figures are hard to comprehend. The world used over a trillion liters of motor gas in 1995. And the U.S. accounted for 46% of that total (WRI 266-267). In fact, America’s gasoline consumption easily outstrips its production. The U.S. currently imports over half its oil (52%) even more than it did before the oil crises of 1973 and 1979. This dependence on foreign oil has significant economic consequences, and many observers feel that protecting â€Å"our† right to oil was the real reason for the U.S./Iraq war of 1991. Americans use large amounts of gasoline not just because they drive so much, but also because they’re extremely wasteful about how they drive. The NRDC notes: â€Å"Most cars on the road carry only one person. In fact, we have so much extra room in our 140 million cars that everyone in Western Europe could fit in them with us.† If every commuter car in the U.S. carried just one more person, we’d save eight billion gallons of gas a year. The one-person-per-car scenario also greatly contributes to traffic congestion, which in turn wastes even more energy&emdash;about three billion gallons of gas a year (30 Simple Things 52-53). But changing Americans’ habits doesn’t seem likely any time soon, as the failure of â€Å"High-Occupancy Vehicle† (HOV) lanes makes clear. To encourage commuters to carpool, some communities have designated one lane of traffic on certain roadways as HOV lanes. Commuters can drive in this lane only if there are at least two people in the vehicle. The reasoning is that commuters will want to carpool so they can ride in the uncongested HOV lane rather than being stuck in traffic in the normal lane when riding by themselves. But as Michael Bluejay points out, these lanes don’t always succeed in encouraging carpooling. A friend and I recently had occasion to drive through Dallas during rush hour, and I had my first opportunity to see how an HOV lane worked. Basically, it didn’t. We passed hundreds and hundreds of single-occupant cars in the regular traffic lanes as we zoomed by in the practically-empty HOV lane. It struck me as really crazy: Whenever I try to encourage people to ride bikes more and drive less, they always whine to me about how ‘convenient’ it is to drive. Well, exactly how ‘convenient’ is it to sit in your car at a complete standstill, adding 30-60 minutes to your morning commute? That’s convenience?! The experience demonstrated to me how far people were willing to go to avoid carpooling. They were willing to sit there like morons, stuck hopelessly in traffic, for the ‘luxury’ of being the only person in their vehicle. Although I was disappointed that the HOV lanes didn’t seem to work, I was at least pleased to realize that all those greedy motorists were being punished with even more traffic congestion, since the HOV lane meant that there was one fewer lane to move all those cars. Summary Automobiles are responsible for a tremendous amount of air pollution and wasted energy. These problems impact people all over the world, both motorists and non-motorists alike, by affecting their health, their economies, and their communities. Legislation to address air pollution has been only partially successful, and air quality continues to be a major concern in countries all over the world. As for energy use, one can only hope that world leaders find a better way to address this problem than fighting wars over an increasingly shrinking supply of oil. More stats are available in our Car Almanac. Works Cited â€Å"Bicycling and Our Environment.† Austin Cycling News. Aug. 1998: 1. Bluejay, Michael. â€Å"HOV Lanes.† Bicycling in Austin. Feb. 1998. 22 June 1999. http://BicycleAustin.info Brown, Lester R., et al. State of the World: A Worldwatch Institue Report on Progress Towards a Sustainable Future. New York: W. W. Norton and Co., 1999. 30 Simple Energy Things You Can Do to Save the Earth. Los Angeles: South California Edison, 1990. World Almanac and Book of Facts. 1996 Mahwah, NJ: World Almanac Books, 1995. World Resources Institute. 1998-99 World Resources: A Guide to the Global Environment. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998. Zuckermann, Wolgang. End of the Road. Cambridge: Lutterworth Press, 1991. Car Pollution Statistics Driving cars effects more than air quality. Car pollution statistics point to ground pollution, resource reduction (mining and petroleum products), and health issues as other problems derived from out motorized society. Air quality is an important reason to pay attention to car pollution, but there are other reasons too.| Car pollution is considered by most people to be a decreasing problem, but it’s actually increasing, due to the large number of cars that are driven each day. Measures are being taken to reduce air pollution, including the manufacture of hybrid cars, the creation of new environmentally friendly fuels, and more, but those measures don’t touch all of the car pollution issues. Learning about car pollution statistics can open your eyes to the myriad problems. If you realize the importance of making changes in your life and car driving habits, then you can make changes to help decrease the amount of car pollution that you release into the air. * FTIR Gas AnalyzerGas purity and emissions monitoring by MKS Instruments On-Line Analyzer†¨www.ccrprocessproducts.com/FTIR†¨ * Car pollution statistics can give you the knowledge that you need to compel you to make changes in your life to lessen your impact upon the environment. Here are a few car pollution statistics that you need to be learn about and be aware of: * SUV’s release up to forty-seven percent more car pollution than the average-sized car. * The amount of car pollution that is released from cars is much more than the amount of pollution released by a nuclear power plant. * Ozone pollution is primarily due to the pollution that is released by cars. Seventy-two percent of nitrogen oxides and fifty-two percent of hydrocarbons, which is a component of smog, are released by cars. * The Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health published a study that suggested that most childhood cancers are caused by air pollution, which can be caused by cars and more. * There are 752 cars for every 1,000 people in the United States. * In China, the number of cars that are driven has doubled every five years for the past thirty years. * Thirty-thousand people in the United States each year die from conditions that are caused or exacerbated by car pollution. * Half of the people in the United States live in areas that fail to meet federal air quality standards at least several days a year. * Eighty million people live in areas that are continually not living up to these standards. * SUV’s release 28-gallons of carbon dioxide into the air for every gallon of gasoline that is used. * Car pollution has numerous effects, both physically and environmentally, like acid rain, smog, lung cancer, and respiratory problems. As you can see from the above car pollution statistics, cars have a huge impact upon the health of the citizens, the air, and the environment. That is why it is so important that we find ways to make changes in our lives to help decrease the amount of pollution that we release by driving our car. By using alternative fuels, considering hybrid cars, driving less, and more, you can help make your impact upon the world a little less harsh. Consider these car pollution statistics the next time that you get into your car. You may find that your trip is not as important as you think. Energy Consumption and the Environment Impacts and Options for Personal Transportation (Revised 2-4-96) In 1973, petroleum shortages caused by the OPEC oil embargo launched the world’s industrialized nations on a search for more efficient homes, factories, and transportation systems. After two decades of attempts to economize, energy use in the residential sector is about the same, industrial energy use is down, and transportation energy use is up. Today, we are more concerned with the other side of the coin – the environmental problems and long-term economic perils of unbridled energy consumption.Trends in Transportation Energy Consumption:Transportation now consumes more than 20% of the world’s total primary energy and produces much of the world’s air pollution. In just 30 years, the number of cars in the world will soar from today’s 400 million or so, to more than one billion. Private transportation will then need 2-1/2 times more energy and produce 2-1/2 times more air pollution. If global trends are projected to year 2100, the world will need 10 times more total energy, and transportation will consume 40% of this much larger pool.(1)Energy Use, Global Warming, and Climatic Changes:Energy use and emissions trends point to significant economic, political, and social problems for future generations. The greenhouse effect alone could have devastating effects on economies. Without intervention, the buildup of greenhouse gases could reach twice the pre-industrial level as early as 2030. The resulting global warming effect could raise sea levels enough to threaten wetlands, increase coastal flooding, and accelerate coastal erosion. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) estimated that sea levels will rise an average of 6 to 20 inches by 2050. In addition, many unmanaged ecosystems will probably be lost. Changes in rainfall patterns will likely result in more severe droughts, more intense tropical storms, and ultimately, dislocations and reductions in agricultural output. (Despite the increased crop yield associated with higher carbon dioxide levels, the resulting climatic changes are expected to shift agricultural production to regions having less productive topsoil, which would then result in diminished total yields.)About 75% of human emissions of carbon dioxide, the most important man-made greenhouse gas, is caused by the use of fossil fuels. Fossil fuel use has caused an imbalance in the earth’s normal carbon cycle. Normally, biologic growth absorbs carbon from the environment and then releases it back into the environment when it decays or is burned. New growth then absorbs the carbon again, and the amount of carbon in the environment remains roughly the same. Since the last ice age, the level of carbon in the atmosphere (in the form of carbon dioxide) has varied only about 5%. However, fossil fuel use has upset the balance.Over the earth’s history, large amounts of carbon had been removed from the environment and become locked away beneath the surface where it was ultimately transformed into fossil fuel deposits. Since the industrial revolution, humankind has been removing these deposits, burning the fuel, and releasing the carbon into the atmosphere. The result is a rapid buildup of atmospheric carbon dioxide that is unprecedented in the history of human life on earth. No one knows the precise effects, b ut for better or for worse, average temperatures will increase and global weather patterns will change. Limited Supplies of Traditional and Inexpensive Energy:Nearly 40% of the world’s energy now comes from petroleum, and another 21% comes from natural gas.(2) Together, these finite natural resources supply about 60% of the world’s energy. If oil and natural gas consumption continued to double every 15 to 20 years as it had for the 100 years preceding 1973, the earth’s entire original endowment of these resources would be 80% depleted in another 30 years or so. As early as 1970, new oil and gas discoveries had dramatically declined and have remained low. In the ’80s, experts estimated that U.S. reserves would last about 35 years at existing pumping rates. More recently, estimates have been revised downward. Considering known reserves and estimated undiscovered deposits, U.S. oil will be depleted in about 10-12 years at present pumping rates. And new finds will make little difference on a worldwide scale. A new Prudhoe Bay discovery would provide the world with about six months’ oil supply, and a new North Sea find would equate to about three years’ supply.(3)Each year, the demand for oil is increasing by an amount equal to Kuwait’s entire annual production, and for the first time, OPEC has no substantial excess production capacity. Because of declining and more costly-to-recover petroleum reserves, prices are expected to begin rising in the mid to late ’90s, and continue to rise thereafter.(4)Alternative Fuels:The challenge of alternative fuels is primarily an economic one. Although the volumetric cost of methanol (made from natural gas) and ethanol (made from corn) is on par with gasoline, a car running on ethanol consumes 50 percent more fuel and an ethanol car consumes about twice the fuel per mile traveled, in comparison to a car running on gasoline. Consequently, per-mile fuel costs are greater. Natural gas is less costly on a per-mile basis than toda y’s gasoline, but supplies are finite and the high cost of natural gas vehicle systems generally offset the lower cost of the fuel itself. Although environmentally friendly, hydrogen is both technically and economically challenging due to its high production costs and the difficulty of storing hydrogen on-board vehicles. Alternative fuels do not save primary energy, but they are cleaner than gasoline. Carbon dioxide levels remain essentially unchanged when alcohol fuels are made from renewable biological feedstocks.Renewable Fuels:Renewable biomass fuels, such as ethanol and methanol, may become economically competitive with petroleum motor fuels by year 2000. But much remains uncertain about the world’s capacity to produce biomass in quantities sufficient to meet future energy needs. Already, about half the world’s solar energy captured by photosynthesis is used by humans, primarily for food and forest products. Total primary energy use in the U.S. amounts to about 31 times more energy than is harvested as crops and forest products, and about 40% more energy than is captured by all forms of U.S. vegetation, combined. Considering all agricultural crops, forests, lawns, gardens and wild vegetation, the energy contained in annual U.S. vegetation growth totals about 54 quads (quadrillion BTUs), and in year 1990 total U.S. primary energy consumption amounted to approximately 81 quads.Because of limitations in water supplies, nutrients, and arable lands, the amount of energy obtainable from the world’s agricultural resources is limited. Even in the U.S., which has more arable land per capita than any other nation on earth, it may be infeasible to produce biomass fuels in quantities sufficient for the nation’s energy needs. According to Dr. David Pimentel, Cornell University, the U.S. has the agricultural capacity to support a population of about 200 million on biomass energy – only if per capita energy consumption were reduced to half its present level. Worldwide, the ability of the ecosystem to sustain a population at an equivalent of U.S. consumption in the ’90’s is probably limited to about two billion people, or one-third of the existing population.(5) Unfortunately, U.S. population is expected to reach 500 million in 60 years, and worldwide population will reach 12-15 billion near the end of the 21st century. Economic Implications:The world is entering a period of escalating consumption, declining reserves of traditional energy feedstocks, higher energy costs, and increasing environmental stress, which could have vast economic, political, and social ramifications. As environmental limitations are approached, ecosystems become more unstable. In the future, ecosystem management and environmental maintenance will become more the responsibility of humans rather than nature. The economic impact of higher energy costs will be compounded as the cost of environmental protection and repair is included in the fundamentally higher cost of energy. As a result, varying degrees of negative economic effects are likely.Ultimately, a fundamental restructuring of the way in which energy is produced and consumed, as well as its value and role in the economy, must occur, regardless of the particular energy technology. Reducing the energy intensity of industrialized societies is the most environmentally sound and least economically harmful strategy. Energy use must be constrained if the interrelated problems of energy supplies, environmental degradation, and economic well-being are to be solved.Transportation’s Role:Transportation is essential to modern economies, and that sector is almost totally dependent on oil as a source of energy. The ability to freely and inexpensively move goods and people is a fundamental link in the economic chain. Today, large changes in the price or supply of oil send shock waves rolling through the world’s financial institutions. Transportation is the most rapidly growing consumer of the world’s energy, and the largest share of transportation’s energy goes to passenger travel. In developed countries, passenger travel accounts for about 70% of the total energy consumed by transportation.The Automobile’s Impact on Transportation Energy Consumption:The automobile is responsible for nearly 90% of the energy consumed for travel in the U.S., about 80% in Western Europe, and nearly 60% in Japan.(6) Today, there are approximately 400 million cars in the world, and sometime around year 2030 the world’s automobile population will surpass one billion. If driving habits remain unchanged, cars will have to become nearly three times more energy-efficient by 2030 just to maintain that sector’s present consumption. If energy use trends are projected to year 2100, transportation would then have to be twenty times more energy-efficient, which roughly equates to 400 mpg cars (automobile fleet-average fuel economy is now about 20 mpg).Cars in the U.S. have become more energy-efficient over the past two decades, but other developed countries are losing ground and actually consuming more fuel per passenger mile traveled.(7) Europeans are turning more to private cars, and as a result transportation trends and energy use patterns are converging with those of the U.S. But the greatest increase in transportation energy consumption will occur in the developing world. By year 2010, India is expected to have 36 times more cars than in 1990. China will have 91 times more cars, Mexico will have 2-1/2 times more cars, and Eastern Europe and the countries of the former U.S.S.R. will probably double their automobile population. The rest of the developing world will experience a 300% increase over the same period. In comparison, the number of cars in the U.S., Canada, Western Europe, and Japan will have grown by only 12%-15%.(8)The Automobile’s Role in Atmospheric Pollution:In a typical U.S. city, motor vehicle emissions account for 30%-50% of hydrocarbon, 80%-90% of carbon monoxide, and 40%-60% of nitrogen oxide emissions. Cars and light trucks are responsible for about 20% of the nation’s carbon dioxide, which is a powerful greenhouse gas. Motor vehicle carbon emissions are essentially proportional to total fuel consumed.(9) Unfortunately, in the coming decades the greatest growth in the automobile population will occur in developing countries which can least afford clean technologies. The United Nations Fund for Population Activities estimates that, because of rapidly increasing automobile populations, developing countries will be emitting 16.6 billion tons of carbon dioxide annually by year 2025, or about four times as much as developed nations. Problems Are Interdependent:Transportation energy consumption and environmental health are interrelated issues. Relieving the demand side of the equation simultaneously relieves the rest. If vehicle fuel economy were doubled, for example, transportation emissions would be essentially cut in half, even if there were no improvement in emission control technologies. If petroleum consumption were cut in half, reserves would be effectively doubled, even though no new deposits had been discovered. With a doubling of vehicle fuel economy, the same number of vehicle miles could be supported on half the investment in exploratory drilling, half the recovery, refining, and delivery expenses, and half the damage to the environment. The same interrelationships would exist with alternative energy sources, regardless of the particular technology.Although each problem, from emissions and resource burdens to economic factors, may yield to their own targeted efforts, alleviating the fundamental proble m simultaneously reduces the entire spectrum of associated difficulties. The Automobile as a Transportation System:Mass transit is often mentioned as an alternative to private cars, but the most effective mass transit system in the world is the automobile. An automobile transportation system provides schedules and routes that are tailored to individual needs. In addition, users individually purchase, maintain, and fuel the transportation device, and only the relatively inexpensive roadways require public funding.The primary tradeoffs for this otherwise ideal system are high energy intensity and high emissions.(10) However, if the automobile is to survive as an economically sound and viable transportation system its energy consumption and harmful emissions must be reduced.The Potential Impact of New Technologies:Today, automobiles operate at approximately 15% efficiency, which means that about 15% of the energy contained in the fuel is delivered to the drive wheels as useful work. According to the best estimates, it may be possible to double automobile energy efficiency (using conventional powertrains) to about 30% before we run out of ideas. At 30% powertrain efficiency a 20- to 25-mpg sedan would then achieve fuel economy of 40 to 50 mpg. Advanced power systems and reduced vehicle roadloads are necessary in order to make significant gains in automobile energy intensity.Electric cars produce significantly fewer harmful emissions, and they save about 10% to 30% in primary energy (over the entire energy chain). Advanced fuel cell vehicles using methanol reformed on-board into hydrogen may be as much as 2-1/2 times more efficient than today’s cars. Practical automobile fuel cells, however, present enormous economic and technical challenges.In the final analysis, technology alone may not be able to solve the world’s energy problems: partly because of the limitations of technology, but primarily because of the economic realities of alternative energy systems. And even the most optimistic estimations of the energy savings obtainable with advanced-technology systems still fall short of accommodating the long-term forecasts of transportation’s energy needs.A reduction in personal transportation energy intensity is essential in order to reduce the economic impact and technical hurdles of new energy systems and more costly energy supplies. Energy conservation is the most economically sound and environmentally friendly option.Factors That Affect Personal-Transportation Energy Consumption:Transportation energy consumption depends on the mass being transported and the distance it is transported. The technologies employed determine the efficiency at which the mass is transported. Consequently, energy consumption can be reduced by developing more efficient transportation technologies, or by reducing the transported mass and/or the distance traveled.The factors of distance and mass are determined largely by social and economic structures, and by vehicle layout and configuration. In order to reduce the distance and mass factors, Paulo Solaria envisions self-sufficient cities like Arcosanti in Arizona in which automobiles are no longer needed. Telecommuting, or working at home and transferring information, rather than people, is another approach designed to reduce overall distance and mass.With revised architectures, and new business and social structures, it is possible to significantly reduce society’s transportation energy needs. The difficulties of such revisions arise from the economic burdens of restructuring cities, and the psychological resistance to large scale changes in social and business structures. The technologies, however, are largely available or just on the horizon.Reducing the transported mass, independently of the distance traveled, can also fundamentally reduce transportation’s energy requirements. Moreover, mass reduction need not affect travel habits, social and business structures, or the architecture of cities. The opport unity for a large reduction in mass becomes apparent when one considers that the vehicle itself is responsible for approximately 92% of the transported mass, while the occupants account for only 8%.(11) Most of the automobile’s energy is consumed to transport itself. Mass reduction alone can save more energy than the most advanced powertrain concepts.Matching Vehicle Size to Trip Requirements:From the traditional perspective, the â€Å"identified problem† contributing to the automobile’s high energy intensity is low vehicle occupancy. Transportation energy intensity is a measure of the energy consumed per passenger mile traveled. When a vehicle is lightly loaded, energy intensity goes up because the vehicle consumes about the same amount of energy (fuel), regardless of the number of occupants. Operating large, multi-passenger cars with only one or two occupants is therefore considered the most wasteful habit affecting the world’s consumption of transportation energy.Worldwide, automobiles operate, on average, with about 1.6 to 1.8 occupants. In the U.S., approximately 87% of all automobile trips occur with two or fewer occupants. The average for work related trips is 1.1 occupants per vehicle. One- and two-occupant trips acco unt for approximately 83% of all vehicle miles traveled in the U.S.(12)If the same number of travelers were condensed into half the cars (car pooling), total automobile energy consumption would be reduced by half. But condensing occupants into fewer vehicles essentially defeats the automobile’s primary benefit. Trips must then accommodate the needs of other occupants, and the automobile is no longer a private and personal means of transportation.Traditionally, occupancy-rate is considered a behavioral by-product and therefore outside the bounds of vehicle technology. However, if the â€Å"identified problem† were redefined, it can easily become a simple technical problem. If the definition were â€Å"inappropriate vehicle size† (rather than underutilization of large cars), the solution would then be to resize vehicles so they more closely match trip requirements. Since one- and two-occupant trips predominate, it naturally follows that a category of smaller vehicles designed for one- and two-occupant local and commuting trips would be beneficial.Low-Mass Vehicle Safety:Small, lightweight cars are normally associated with an increased risk of harm. Traffic accident statistics generally support the relationship between vehicle size and injury/fatality rates, with the potential fo r harm increasing in proportion to the decrease in vehicle size. (The exception is in Japan, where a special category of lightweight â€Å"kei† cars actually have a lower fatality rate than conventional large cars.) But with better vehicle designs, historical data can quickly become outmoded. Cars built today are four times safer than vehicles built in 1969, and they are approximately 10% smaller and 20% lighter. This is due primarily to improved safety engineering and modern safety systems.Although occupant protection becomes more challenging as vehicle size is reduced, it is technically feasible to produce significantly smaller and lighter vehicles that have a high degree of safety. Advanced â€Å"hard shell† concepts designed to increase low-mass vehicle safety are already under development in Switzerland. This new approach utilizes a rigid exterior that is largely identical to the rigid passenger compartment of conventional cars. During a collision, the rigid exterior of the smaller car causes the less rigid deformation zone of the larger car to yield and absorb energy. Passenger ride-down space (for deceleration) in the low-mass car is provided inside the vehicle, rather than by the traditional exterior deformation zone. Occupant deceleration is controlled by elastic restraints and air bags. (13)Vehicle use patterns and operating environment are also important. Cars that operate primarily in the urban environment do not necessarily have to match the crashworthiness of larger cars in order to provide equally safe transportation.New Products and New Market Appeals – The Giant Oil Well Under Detroit:Market positioning, the implied messages in a product’s theme and advertising appeals, can capitalize on today’s environmental and energy concerns, and ultimately have a powerful effect on energy consumption and pollution. The necessary consumer motivations and interests already exist. A shift in thinking that disengages manufacturers and consumers alike from the association of size and mass in relation to value in automobile design is an essential part of reducing transportation’s energy consumption.Significantly smaller and lighter cars, both electric and conventionally powered, are normally envisioned as cheap, underpowered, and unsafe vehicles that have little appeal. Once this premise is accepted, vehicle attributes consistent with the vision naturally emerge and an outline of market potential, profitability, and even vehicle styling and safety then follows suit according to the core idea. These details can quickly change when the vehicle and the market are seen from a different perspective.By adopting a new perspective on automobile design, new marketing opportunities and new product ideas can begin to take shape. By emphasizing innovative safety features, visually impressive driver information systems, advanced vehicle control and crash avoidance systems, and attractive vehicle layouts and styling, smaller urban cars and commuter cars can emerge as safe, marketable, and even superior, transportation products. Innovative product packaging and marketing appeals are essential for a successful transition to electric urban cars and fuel-efficient commuter cars.Despite today’s â€Å"green† orientation, sacrifice and conservation are not especially marketable attributes. New vehicle types must satisfy consumers’ complex psychological needs while appealing to their broad social concerns. Energy conservation and environmental protection must be positioned as an upscale product attribute, rather than as a necessary sacrifice in the name of economic and environmental health. Energy conservation and emissions reduction are not primary consumer benefits. When manufacturers address environmental concerns with attractive new vehicle themes that satisfy consumers’ psychological needs, a marketable new category of products will have emerged, and passenger-travel energy consumption could be reduced by nearly two-thirds.A Sustainable Paradigm for a Fully Industrialized World:Alternative cars alone will not create a system for long-term sustainability with the expected populations. Although transportation will be tomorrow’s largest single energy consumer (as much as 40% in the long term), combined industrial and residential needs will account for a larger portion of society’s total energy needs.Future generations will probably have to adapt to more expensive energy, and use the world’s resources more prudently. This does not necessarily point to a world of stifling scarcity, but more to a new sense of responsibility, and a new paradigm for product design and the lifestyles that interrelate to form the overall production/consumption/pollution matrix. Changes in attitudes and behavior patterns can have an enormous impact on the cost to the ecosystem in resources and pollution. Population control and new business and social structures are essential; and new technologies are needed as well.Today’s developed economies, which account for only one-fourth of the world’s inhabitants, have been fortunate to have abundant and cheap fossil energy supplies to fuel their transition into an industrialized world. In a sense, today’s developed societies are similar to yesterday’s pioneers, blazing the technology trail to a new frontier of sufficiency and sustainablity for the world’s future community of developed nations. Abundant and clean energy from nuclear fusion, along with fuel cell cars and rapid-recharging, extended-range, battery-electric cars, are probably the best hopes for meeting long-term transportation and energy needs. And new frontiers must be pioneered in attitudes and values, which ultimately convert to resource consumption and environmental degradation as they guide behavior. Just as alternative cars do not necessarily imply dull product design or reduced transportation quality, new values and social structures do not necessarily imply compromised lifestyles.